Mastering Python Fundamentals: A Complete Guide for Australian Learners

# Basic data types in Python
name = "Sarah"          # String
age = 28               # Integer
salary = 85000.50      # Float
is_employed = True     # Boolean
skills = ["Python", "Django", "PostgreSQL"]  # List

# Conditional statements
if salary > 80000:
    print("Above average salary in Australia")
elif salary > 60000:
    print("Good salary for entry-level")
else:
    print("Consider skill development")

# Loops for iteration
for skill in skills:
    print(f"I know {skill}")

# While loop example
experience = 0
while experience < 2:
    print(f"Year {experience + 1} of learning")
    experience += 1

# Function definition
def calculate_tax(income, tax_rate=0.325):
    """Calculate Australian tax based on income"""
    return income * tax_rate

def format_currency(amount):
    """Format amount as Australian currency"""
    return f"${amount:,.2f} AUD"

# Using functions
gross_salary = 85000
tax_amount = calculate_tax(gross_salary)
net_salary = gross_salary - tax_amount

print(f"Gross Salary: {format_currency(gross_salary)}")
print(f"Tax Amount: {format_currency(tax_amount)}")
print(f"Net Salary: {format_currency(net_salary)}")

class Employee:
    def __init__(self, name, position, salary):
        self.name = name
        self.position = position
        self.salary = salary
        self.superannuation_rate = 0.105  # Australian super rate
    
    def calculate_super(self):
        return self.salary * self.superannuation_rate
    
    def get_total_package(self):
        return self.salary + self.calculate_super()
    
    def __str__(self):
        return f"{self.name} - {self.position}"

# Create employee instances
developer = Employee("James Chen", "Python Developer", 95000)
analyst = Employee("Sarah Wilson", "Data Analyst", 78000)

print(f"{developer}: Total package ${developer.get_total_package():,.2f}")
print(f"{analyst}: Total package ${analyst.get_total_package():,.2f}")

class AustralianTaxCalculator:
    """Calculate Australian income tax and Medicare levy"""
    
    # 2024-25 tax brackets
    TAX_BRACKETS = [
        (18200, 0.0),
        (45000, 0.19),
        (120000, 0.325),
        (180000, 0.37),
        (float('inf'), 0.45)
    ]
    
    MEDICARE_LEVY_RATE = 0.02
    MEDICARE_THRESHOLD = 29207
    
    def __init__(self, annual_income):
        self.annual_income = annual_income
    
    def calculate_income_tax(self):
        """Calculate income tax based on brackets"""
        tax = 0
        remaining_income = self.annual_income
        previous_bracket = 0
        
        for bracket_limit, rate in self.TAX_BRACKETS:
            taxable_in_bracket = min(remaining_income, bracket_limit - previous_bracket)
            if taxable_in_bracket <= 0:
                break
            
            if previous_bracket >= 18200:  # Tax-free threshold
                tax += taxable_in_bracket * rate
            
            remaining_income -= taxable_in_bracket
            previous_bracket = bracket_limit
        
        return tax
    
    def calculate_medicare_levy(self):
        """Calculate Medicare levy"""
        if self.annual_income <= self.MEDICARE_THRESHOLD:
            return 0
        return self.annual_income * self.MEDICARE_LEVY_RATE
    
    def get_breakdown(self):
        """Get complete tax breakdown"""
        income_tax = self.calculate_income_tax()
        medicare_levy = self.calculate_medicare_levy()
        total_tax = income_tax + medicare_levy
        net_income = self.annual_income - total_tax
        
        return {
            'gross_income': self.annual_income,
            'income_tax': income_tax,
            'medicare_levy': medicare_levy,
            'total_tax': total_tax,
            'net_income': net_income,
            'effective_rate': (total_tax / self.annual_income) * 100
        }

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    calculator = AustralianTaxCalculator(85000)
    breakdown = calculator.get_breakdown()
    
    print("Australian Tax Calculator")
    print("=" * 30)
    print(f"Gross Income: ${breakdown['gross_income']:,.2f}")
    print(f"Income Tax: ${breakdown['income_tax']:,.2f}")
    print(f"Medicare Levy: ${breakdown['medicare_levy']:,.2f}")
    print(f"Total Tax: ${breakdown['total_tax']:,.2f}")
    print(f"Net Income: ${breakdown['net_income']:,.2f}")
    print(f"Effective Tax Rate: {breakdown['effective_rate']:.1f}%")